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1993-04-23
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PU
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
PASADENA, CALIFORNIA 9ll09. TELEPHONE (213) 354-5011
FOR RELEASE MONDAY MARCH l5 P.M.
A JPL infrared experiment flown on NASA's space
shuttle
last November individually identified minerals on Earth's
surface
from an altitude of l50 miles -- apparently even
differentiating
between two types of clays that are so similar they can only
be
seperately identified through laboratory testing.
The initial results of the Shuttle Multispectral
Infrared
Radiometer (SMIRR) were announced today at the annual meeting
of
the American Society of Photogrammetry in Denver, Colo.
The success of the experiment promises dramatic
improve-
ments in future satellites for geological mapping and for
locating
hidden mineral and petroleum resources.
In some cases, SMIRR surpassed field techniques in
identi-
fying minerals. For example, fine-grained clay minerals like
mont-
morillonite and kaolinite, found in weathered rocks and
widely
distributed on Earth's surface, are so similar that they can
only
been differentiated from one another through laboratory
testing.
The SMIRR experiment, however, appears to have been able to
indiv- î
idually recognize the two clays from the shuttle payload bay,
l50
miles above Earth's surface. (Verification of the kaolinite
identi-
fication was made by collecting a surface sample. However,
no
samples have yet been obtained in areas containing
montmorillonite.)
The experiment's ability to differentiate between
different
kinds of clays is one of the most important results for
geologists,
because mapping clays in sedimentary rocks is important for
locating
petroleum deposits, and clays are surface clues for buried
metal
deposits like copper, gold and silver.
SMIRR was planned by Principal Investigator Dr.
Alexander
F.H. Goetz of JPL and Co-Investigator Dr. Lawrence C. Rowan
of the
U.S. Geological Survey at Reston, Va. The instrument was
developed
and built at JPL.
The SMIRR experiment successfully sampled 80,000
kilometers
(50,000 miles) of Earth's surface in the eastern U.S.,
southern
Europe, north Africa, the Middle East and China.
SMIRR identified minerals on the basis of their
spectral
reflectance. Each mineral reflects and absorbs visible and
infrared
light in a unique way. This reflectance or "signature" can
be
îdetermined with a spectrometer in the field or on a
satellite.
Past satellite measurements, however, have been unable to
definitively
identify most minerals, particularly clays and carbonates,
that
are important for geologic studies.
Data from the SMIRR experiment will help determine
which
bands from the infrared portion of the spectrum should be
used in
future Earth-observational satellite systems.
SMIRR's global sample of different geological types
in a
variety of climates may reveal unknown relationships that
exist
between surface and subsurface materials. The results will
also
show the effect of varying climatic environments on the
signatures
of similar rock types, and show how different amounts of
water vapor
in the atmosphere affect the quality of SMIRR data.
The SMIRR experiment began operating about
four-and-a-half
hours after launch and was controlled throughout the flight
by commands
from the ground.
SMIRR acquired three hours and six minutes of data
over
Africa, Asia, and the Middle East, Europe, Mexico and the
U.S. Two
hours were found to have been taken over cloudy or partly
cloudy
areas, while one hour of prime data was obtained over totally
cloud- î
free land areas.
As the SMIRR data is processed, computer-assembled
maps
will be produced, and each l00-meter (328-foot) diameter area
will be
tagged with a color according to its predominant rock type.
Because
the SMIRR is not an imaging device, photographs are necessary
to
geographically locate the instruments' readings. Two
l6-millimeter
cameras, one color and one black-and-white, were aligned with
the
SMIRR telesocpe to provide accompanying images to the SMIRR
data.
Analysis has shown that the cameras remained
perfectly
aligned after launch stresses.
Scientists at JPL and the U.S. Geological Survey
gathered
spectral data with a field spectrometer to determine the best
spectral
bands for use on future orbiting multispectral scanners (like
the
Landsat geological satellite series), to distinguish
different classes
of rock.
These studies indicated that bands in the l.0 to
2.5
micrometer region could perceive subtle differences between
similar
geological units. SMIRR tested ten bands within that region
to
determine their effectiveness in identifying surface
materials from î
orbit, which will aid in building orbital systems to produce
global
maps showing areas where mineral deposits are likely to be
found.
Due to a delay in the launch of the shuttle and its
shortened
flight, data over Australia, southern Africa and South
America were
missed. the experiment was to have collected data primarily
in the
Western U.S., where the majority of ground-based field
reflectance
measurements were obtained, but clouds covered the area
during most
of the flight. SMIRR team members will collect ground-based
reflectance
measurements in other areas where SMIRR obtained data.
The SMIRR system consists of a l7.8 centimeter
(seven-inch)
diameter telescope (a modified version of the telescope used
on the
Mariner l0 mission to Venus and Mercury in l973), a filter
wheel,
two detectors, two film cameras and supporting electronics.
The unit weighs 99 kilograms (2l8 pounds), measures
56-by
94-by-ll7 centimeters (22-by-37-by-46 inches), and carries an
opaque
cover which was rotated over the top of the telescope to
protect the
optics when the experiment was not in operation.
The filter wheel contains l5 evenly spaced
positions.
Every third position is opaque to provide a zero base for the
detector
îelectronics. The remaining l0 positions contain filters to
sample
the spectral bands of interest.
Two mercury-cadium-telluride detectors convert
photons to
electrons, which comprise the transmission signal. Timing
and control
electronics coordinate the filter wheel, the cameras and the
detector
readout.
In the time that an individual filter is in the
telescope's
optical path (the filter wheel spins at l00 revolutions per
second),
the detector electronics assembly amplifies and integrates
the signal,
then converts the signal from analog to digital form for
recording
on the payload recorder.
The SMIRR experiment was developed by JPL for
NASA's
Office of Space and Terrestrial Applications (OSTA).
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